Freek.dev

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Learn how to use Ray to test emails in Laravel!

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Lots of things to be learned in this detailed post by Josh Comeau

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In this tutorial I'll show you how to send e-mails from Laravel with Tailwind CSS. I'll learn you how to set this up and how to inline all the Tailwind CSS-classes.

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The article dives into a couple of methods for customising the email verification expiration time for verification email sent by Laravel for new users. In one case we use the config setting, in the other we override the verificationUrl method to customise how this is generated.

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A few days ago, we improved the email notifications sent by Oh Dear. The email notifications now contain links that allow you to snooze further emails.

In this blog post, I'd like to explain why and how we added them.

Why adding action links to email notifications

Earlier this year, we added the ability to snooze notifications to Oh Dear. Each different check in Oh Dear got a snooze setting screen. On that screen, users can choose how long we shouldn't send notifications for a check.

We also introduced advanced Slack notifications. Whenever you get a notification, you can snooze further notification using the little menu underneath a notification. This way, you can snooze a check without even having to visit the Oh Dear website. Handy!

These advanced Slack got a lot of attention from us because we're using Slack notifications ourselves. But let's take a look at which notification channels are used the most at Oh Dear.

In the Oh Dear database, all notification preferences are stored in a table called notification_destinations. In the channel column, the name of the channel (mail, slack, nexmo), and so on is stored.

This query gives us the percentage for each different channel.

SELECT
   channel,
   ROUND(COUNT(channel) / (
            SELECT
            count(*)
            FROM notification_destinations) * 100) AS percentage
FROM
   notification_destinations
GROUP BY
   channel
ORDER BY
   percentage DESC

Here are the results.

• mail: 82%
• slack: 13%
• nexmo: 2%
• pushover: 1%
• webhooks: 1%
• discord: 1%

Even though our team relies on Slack notifications, the vast majority of Oh Dear subscribers use mail. It's easy to understand why: everybody already has an email address, and most people check their email regularly.

Because emails are being used so much for sending notifications, we decided to give them a little love by adding snooze links. Here's how such links look like.

Some email client visit each link an email to preload content. That's why we don't snooze immediately after clicking the link in the mail, but show a confirmation dialog first.

This is how it looks like when you click a link.

.

After clicking the button, notifications will be snoozed.

An important thing to note is that you don't have to be logged in for these links to work. These links have a signature has appended. Oh Dear uses this signature to verify the link hasn't been tampered with.

How action links are implemented

As you might suspect, Oh Dear is built using the Laravel framework. Laravel has baked in support for signed URLs.

Oh Dear offers multiple types of checks: uptime, certificate health, broken links, mixed content, ... Each check that we need to perform on a site, is stored a row in the checks table of the DB. In the Check model, we added this function to generate a URL to snooze a check.

// on the Check model

public function signedSnoozeUrl(int $minutes, string $email): string
{
    return URL::temporarySignedRoute('signed.snooze', now()->addMinutes(60), [
        'check' => $this,
        'minutes' => $minutes,
        'email' => urlencode($email),
    ]);
}

We weren't comfortable with sending out links that would stay valid forever. All of the signed URLs we generate are only valid for 60 minutes. The $minutes being passed to the function above represent the minutes how long notifications for this check should be snoozed. The email being passed is the email address to which the generated link will be sent. We'll use that value to log which email address snoozed a particular check.

Next, let's look at the notification itself. Laravel has excellent support for sending notifications, and we leverage that functionality in a big way.

Here's the toMail function in the UptimeCheckFailedNotification.

public function toMail(NotificationDestination $notifiable): MailMessage
{
    return (new MailMessage)
        ->from('alert@ohdear.app', 'Oh Dear')
        ->subject($this->getMainMessage())
        ->markdown('mail.uptime.uptimeCheckFailed', [
            'run' => $this->run,
            'check' => $this->run->check,
            'email' => $notifiable->routeNotificationForMail(),
        ]);
}

In Oh Dear, the notifiable of a notification isn't a user, but a NotificationDestination model. Using that model allows us to have a flexible notification system where single users and teams can define multiple notification destinations for several channels (mail, Slack, SMS, ...). I could write a length blogpost about our notification system itself, but I'm not going to deep diver into it for now.

Here's the code of that mail.uptime.uptimeCheckFailed view that notification uses.

@component('mail::message')
# Oh Dear!

[{{ $run->site()->label }}]({{ $run->site()->url }}) seems down.

@component('mail::table')
| Component     | Value   |
|:------------- |:------- |
| URL:     | {{ $run->site()->url }}      |
| Error description:   | {{ $run->checkerResult()->getErrorDescription() }}  |
| Detected at:   | {{ $run->ended_at->toTeamTimezone($run->site()->team) }}  |
@endcomponent

For more details, have a look at the online report.

@component('mail::button', ['url' => $run->result_url])
View full report
@endcomponent

We'll send you another mail as soon as it is back up (or when it stays down for another hour).

@include('mail.partials.snooze')

Don't want to receive mails when sites go down? Turn off the "Site down" switch on the [team notification settings]({{ route('team.notifications.mail') }}) and/or on the [{{ $run->site()->label }} notification settings]({{ route('site.notifications.mail', $run->site()->id) }}).

Thank you for using Oh Dear!
@endcomponent

You can see here that the snooze links itself are stored in a partial. We can easily use that partial in the email views of all the other notifications.

Here's the mail.partials.snooze view.

Snooze notifications for this check:
[for 15 minutes]({{ $check->signedSnoozeUrl(15, $email) }})
[for an hour]({{ $check->signedSnoozeUrl(60, $email) }})
[for a day]({{ $check->signedSnoozeUrl(60 * 24, $email) }})
[for a week]({{ $check->signedSnoozeUrl(60 * 24 * 7, $email) }})

Now that you know how those snooze URLs are built and sent, let's turn our attention to what happens when somebody clicks such a link in an email. In the routes file, we've set up these routes.

Route::middleware('signed')->prefix('/check/{check}/snooze/{minutes}/{email}')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/', [SnoozeCheckController::class, 'askConfirmation'])->name('signed.snooze');
    Route::post('/', [SnoozeCheckController::class, 'snooze']);
});

The get route is responsible for displaying the confirmation screen. In the post action the check will be snoozed.

That signed middleware is the one provided by Laravel. It will throw an exception when trying to visit the route with an invalid URL. More on the later.

Here's the SnoozeCheckController that handles the actual requests.

namespace App\Http\Front\Controllers\Check;

use App\Domain\Check\Models\Check;
use App\Domain\Notification\Actions\SnoozeCheckAction;

class SnoozeCheckController
{
    public function askConfirmation(Check $check, int $minutes)
    {
        return view('front.snoozeCheck.askConfirmation', [
            'check' => $check,
            'until' => $this->humanReadableTimeUntil($minutes),
        ]);
    }

    public function snooze(Check $check, int $minutes, string $email)
    {
        $until = now()->addMinutes($minutes);

        (new SnoozeCheckAction())->execute($check, $until, $email);

        return view('front.snoozeCheck.snoozed', [
            'check' => $check,
            'until' => $this->humanReadableTimeUntil($minutes),
        ]);
    }

    protected function humanReadableTimeUntil(int $minutes): string
    {
        return now()
            ->addMinutes($minutes)
            ->longAbsoluteDiffForHumans();
    }
}

At the heart of this controller is SnoozeCheckAction in the snooze method, which does the actual work to snooze a check. This snoozing logic has been put in an action class so we can reuse it in other parts of our application (via our API, the controller that handles the UI of the snooze screen when logged in Oh Dear) where checks can be snoozed.

Action classes are a thing of beauty when you have logic that needs to be reused through an application. You can read more on action classes in this blog post. In the upcoming Laravel Beyond CRUD course, there will be an entire chapter dedicated to action classes.

That longAbsoluteDiffForHumans() function in the code snippet will be convenient to prepare a string to be displayed in the view. It will return one hour when you called it on a carbon instance with a value of one our in the future, 30 minutes when the value is 30 minutes in the future, and so on.

Here's the content of front.snoozeCheck.askConfirmation view.

<x-minimal-layout>
    <section class="bg-white text-gray-700 p-8 mt-8 sm:mt-16 text-center text-xl leading-relaxed shadow-lg">
        <div class="mb-4">
            Do you want snooze {{ strtolower($check->human_readable_check_type) }} notifications for <span
                class="font-bold">{{ $check->site->label }}</span>
            for <span class="font-bold">{{ $until }}</span>?
        </div>

        <form class="form" method="POST">
            @csrf
            <button class="button" type="submit">Snooze for {{ $until }}</button>
        </form>
    </section>
</x-minimal-layout>

When it's rendered, it will look something like this.

Our goal was to keep this confirmation screen very simple. We assume that when clicking a snooze link, you simply want to confirm this action and nothing else. This simple approach makes it very easy for people to snooze a check from their mobile device.

You can see in Blade view above that the confirmation form has no action. Because it has no action, the same signed URL will be used to send the POST request.

After clicking the button on the form, the check will be snoozed and this screen will be displayed.

Should a user want to see more details, the "Snooze settings" button can be clicked. This route is behind an auth check, so users will need to log in first.

You might have noticed that the askConfirmation Blade view uses a x-minimal-layout Blade component. You might have only used Blade components for small pieces of HTML, but they can be used for layouts as well.

Here's the content of the front.layouts.minimalLayout view which is the view that will be rendered when using the x-minimal-layout tag.

<html lang="en">
<head>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://use.typekit.net/otv6pzl.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ mix('css/app.css') }}">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url('assets/css/fontawesome.min.css') }}">
</head>
<body class="font-front">
<div class="min-h-screen flex flex-col p-10 bg-gray-200">
   {{ $slot }}
</div>
</body>
</html>

Displaying a dedicated error screen for expired links

These signed URLs are valid for an hour only. When an expired link is clicked, Laravel will show a generic error screen. That's not very user friendly. It would be much better to display a screen that says the link is expired.

Luckily, this is easy to achieve. The signed middleware throws an Illuminate\Routing\Exceptions\InvalidSignatureException exception. In the exception handler, we can handle that particular exception and show a custom view.

// in app/Exceptions/Handler.php

public function render($request, Throwable $exception)
{
    if ($exception instanceof InvalidSignatureException) {
        return response()->view('errors.link-expired')->setStatusCode(Response::HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
    }

    return parent::render($request, $exception);
}

If you don't want any entries in your log, in Flare, or any error tracker of your liking, you should add InvalidSignatureException to the $dontReport array in the exception handler.

protected $dontReport = [
    AuthenticationException::class,
    AuthorizationException::class,
    HttpException::class,
    ModelNotFoundException::class,
    // ...
    InvalidSignatureException::class,
];

Testing snooze links

In Oh Dear, nearly every piece of functionality is covered by tests. The snooze links are no exception. My favorite tests are ones where we check that behavior is correct. Those tests don't care about how a feature is implemented. Most of the time, they don't reach into the database or check the app's internal state. Instead, we check if the app behaves correctly.

In the first test, we will generate a signed URL to snooze a check for an hour. We're going to visit the URL using a POST request and assert that the check is snoozed. We're going to assert that one second before the hour is over, the check is still snoozed. One second later, the check isn't snoozed anymore.

public function setUp(): void
{
    parent::setUp();
    
    $this->check = factory(Check::class)->create([
        'type' => CheckType::UPTIME,
    ]);
}

/** @test */
public function it_can_snooze_a_check_for_an_hour_using_a_signed_url()
{
    TestTime::freeze();

    $signedSnoozeCheckUrl = $this->check->signedSnoozeUrl(60, 'test@example.com');

    $this->post($signedSnoozeCheckUrl)->assertSuccessful();

    $this->assertTrue($this->check->isSnoozed());

    TestTime::addMinutes(60)->subSecond();
    $this->assertTrue($this->check->isSnoozed());

    TestTime::addSecond();
    $this->assertFalse($this->check->isSnoozed());
}

The TestTime class is provided by the spatie/test-time.

In the test above, we use the isSnoozed function to determine if the check is snoozed. We don't have to write a test for that function, as it is already covered by a couple of dedicated tests for the snooze functionality.

In a second test, we're going to make sure that we display the right snooze time to the user.

/** @test */
public function it_displays_the_right_time_span()
{
    $signedSnoozeCheckUrl = $this->check->signedSnoozeUrl(60, 'test@example.com');
    $this->get($signedSnoozeCheckUrl)
        ->assertSuccessful()
        ->assertSee('snoozed for 1 hour');

    $signedSnoozeCheckUrl = $this->check->signedSnoozeUrl(30, 'test@example.com');
    $this->get($signedSnoozeCheckUrl)
        ->assertSuccessful()
        ->assertSee('snoozed for 30 minutes');
}

In a final test, we're going to make sure that the URL can't be tampered with.

/** @test */
public function it_will_not_snooze_a_check_if_the_url_is_tampered_with()
{
    /** @test */
    public function it_will_not_snooze_a_check_if_the_url_is_tampered_with()
    {
        $signedSnoozeCheckUrl = $this->check->signedSnoozeUrl(60, 'test@example.com') . 'make-url-invalid';

        $this->get($signedSnoozeCheckUrl)->assertStatus(Response::HTTP_FORBIDDEN);
        $this->post($signedSnoozeCheckUrl)->assertStatus(Response::HTTP_FORBIDDEN);

        $this->assertFalse($this->check->isSnoozed());
    }
}

You could argue that the test above isn't needed because we're not responsible for testing the framework code. But for security related things, we're rather safe than sorry. This test proves that we're using the functionality that Laravel offers correctly. For example, should we forget to apply the signed middleware to our routes, this test will fail.

In closing

I hope you enjoyed this little tour on why and how we implementation action links for email notifications. If you want to see it in action, consider registering at Oh Dear. There's a free trial period of 10 days.

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Yaz Jallad explains how you use Mailgun's webhooks to determine click and open rates of mails.

While building ContestKit there was a feature I wanted to allow users to know if the emails that were sent to the winners were delivered successfully. Thankfully this feature is relatively easy to add because of Mailgun's amazing API. Let's create a new Laravel application and get started.

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? Quick Tip on @laravelphp's new email verification feature! Want to override/replace the notification with your custom notification? You can. Just use a callback in a service provider for instance. pic.twitter.com/odxfnBemnH

— Stefan Bauer (@stefanbauerme) September 6, 2018

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You can spend a lot of time to make emails look pretty, but it might be better to just don't style them at all. Greg Kogan did some A/B testing an concluded that sending plain emails results in more opens, clicks, replies, ...

Why are the plain emails crushing the performance of designed emails?

• They're less likely to be caught in spam filters. Having less HTML and fewer non-text elements such as images lowers the likelihood of triggering spam filters. You can use a free spam checker to validate this by testing plain and designed emails.
• They're less likely to go into the "Promotions" tab in Gmail (used by ~16% of all email users), for the same reasons above. From my testing, the plain emails typically end up in the Updates tab and some times even in the primary tab. Of course, the text in the email also affects this.
• They don't look like advertisements. The second the recipient interprets your email as an ad, promotion, or sales pitch—and it does take just a second—its chances of being read or acted upon plummet towards zero. A plain email leads people to start reading it before jumping to conclusions.
• They feel more personal. It's no handwritten note, but it's much more personal than an over-designed email with the recipient's first name crammed somewhere inside.

https://www.gkogan.co/blog/dont-design-emails/

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Bobby Bouwmann, a very helpful guy, created a new free service that can generate email markdown themes for use in a Laravel application.

https://markdownmail.com/

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